صور تاريخية من مكة وجدة تعود للقرن التاسع عشر ميلادي

الصور من كتابي Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje بعنوان ‘Bilder-Atlas zu Mekka’ و 'Bilder aus Mekka'

____________

Content
Genre/Subject Matter


This panoramic view over Mecca showing most of the Masjid al-Haram and the northwest portion of the city is likely a print of a drawing after a photograph or series of photographs of the same view by the Mekkan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār.

Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Office of the Qādhi; Castle on Jebel Hindi; Building housing the Zamzam well; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; and Maqām al-H̱anbalī.

An additional note in German states that ‘the steps to the Caaba and the Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’, are obscured from view by the Zamzam building.'


Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

164 x 410 mm

Format:

1 line engraving after a photograph, printed onto two pages and bound into volume

Condition:

The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.

Foliation:

‘I’

Written in
German in Latin script

من معالم الحرم المكي آنذاك المقام الشافعي والمالكي والحنفي والحنبلي، نلاحظ المبنى العثماني الأبيض في الخلفية المرقم ب [12] في الصورة، يسمى بالحاميدية وستأتي صورة له لاحقا، وكذلك نلاحظ حصن أو قلعة أجياد أعلى الصورة

Content
Genre/Subject Matter :

This south-southwest view inside the Masjid al-Haram of the Caaba and surrounding structures is a print of a drawing after a photograph of the same view by the Meccan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār. This photograph, in the collection of the Universiteit Leiden's Oriental Institute, is reproduced as Fig. 14 in F. E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.

In the left background, a fortified structure can be seen. This is identified as ‘Jiyad Castle’. Some Ottoman-era buildings can be seen in the nearer background, immediately outside of the mosque, including a large pale-coloured building almost immediately below the castle. This is referred to as the Hamidiyah and is likely a building constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II.

Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Gate of the Banī Shaybah; The Hijr [Ismail]; Building housing the Zamzam well; Stairs to the Caaba; Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; Maqām al-H̱anbalī; front-side of the Hamidiyah.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

II

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Die Moschee.’

‘1. Das Thor der Benī Schēbah. 2. Das H̱idjr. 3. Gebنudes Zemzembrunnens. 4 und 5. Treppen zur Ka’bah. 6. Maqām Ibrāhīm (zugleich Maqām ès-Schāfi’ī). 7. Mimbar (Kanzel) 8. Maqām èl-H̱anafī. 9. Maqām èl-Mālikī. 10. Maqām èl-H̱ambalī. 11. Vorderseite der H̱amīdijjah. 12. Die Festung des Djijād.’

Scattered throughout image: numbers 1–12

Extent and format
1 print (possibly lithographic) of a drawing after a photograph
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

199 x 260 mm

Format:

1 print of a drawing after a photograph, bound into volume

Condition:

The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.

Foliation:

‘II’

Written in
German in Latin script

نلاحظ جبل أبي قبيس خلف الكعبة

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This west-southwest view inside the Masjid al-Haram of the Caaba and, behind it, the sacred mountain Jebel Abu Qubays (1220 ft / 460 m), which overlooks the Masjid al-Haram to the east. At the summit stands a squat, apparently unfinished structure which later became the Bilal mosque, according to later photographs, for example Photo 174/5 ( c. 1907).

The buildings that line the foothills of Abu Qubays, feature distinctive Ottoman-era architectural features, such as a roshan (known elsewhere as mashrabiyya, or enclosed balcony), which are almost unchanged almost twenty years later in the same view by the Delhi-based photographers H. A. Mirza & Sons (Photo 174/5).

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

III

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Die Ka’bah.’

A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.

Temporal Context:

This photograph was likely taken by the Egyptian photographer, army engineer and surveyor Muhammad S̱ādiq Bey (1832-1902). The attribution is claimed by Durkje van der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885 , Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 40. As such the picture is likely to date to his 1881 visit to the city. How Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje acquired the image is unknown.

Extent and format
1 photographic print
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

169 x 210 mm

Format:

1 photographic print pasted into volume

Condition:

The print is in good condition with one minor surface loss in the lower portion of the image.

Foliation:

‘III’

Written in
German in Latin script

مبنى الحامدية المتكون من طابقين، وهو مبنى حكومي بناه الحاكم العام عثمان باشا، على يمين الصورة نلاحظ واجهات المحلات

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This street view outside the ‘Hamidiyah’, a two-storey building, described in the title as a government building constructed by Governor General Othman Pascha (cf. 1781.b.6/6; 1781.b.6/8), features many individuals in the foreground as well as a further multi-storeyed building on the right of the image. Awnings at the ground-floor level of the building on the right indicate that these may have been storefronts.

The subject of this photograph is probably the same building identified in the drawing of a view inside the Masjid al-Haram (1781.b.6/2) as ‘front-side of the Hamidiyah’, indicating that the building – and therefore the viewpoint in this photograph – was probably situated south of the mosque.

The style of the building is neo-classical with domed arches at the main portico as well as long square-shuttered windows on both floors. It was likely constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876–1909) and was therefore relatively new at the time that this photograph was taken. To each side of the main entrance are iron railings and two gas-lamps.

The negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

IV

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Die H̱amīdijjah (von Othman Pascha erbautes Regierungsgebنude).’

A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.

Extent and format
1 photographic print
Written in
German in Latin script

صورة "المحمل المصري" المعمول في الأصل لنقل كسوة الكعبة المصنوعة في مصر، المحمل متبوع بقافلة حجاج، يظهر في وسط الصورة عثمان باشا

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This street view depicts the arrival at Mecca of the Egyptian ‘mahmal’ – an embroidered silk-covered structure mounted on a camel – followed by a caravan of pilgrims. Originally designed to contain the Egyptian-made kiswa, the cloth that covers the Caaba, this mahmal would likely have been empty.

Othman Pascha is depicted at the centre foreground of the image, wearing ceremonial robes, featuring a mirrored paisley (boteh) pattern as well as a sash and carrying a sword.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

V

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Othman Pascha mit dem egyptischen Maẖmal.’

Extent and format
1 print of a drawing
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

187 x 230 mm

Format:

1 print of a drawing

Condition:

The print is in good condition.

Foliation:

‘V’

Written in
German in Latin script

مركز شرطة مكة الرئيسي عبارة عن مبنى جديد متكون من طابقين تظهر أعلاه رموز النجمة والهلال العثمانية، ونلاحظ أسفل يمين المبنى جندي عثماني في موقع الحراسة

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This street view depicts the main guardhouse or police station in Mecca, described as being newly built by Othman Pascha. The two-storey building features the Ottoman star and crescent symbols on the cornice and what appears to be a royal toughra at the centre of the pediment. Ottoman soldiers, wearing fezzes stand guard in front.

Several figures appear in small groups on the street in the foreground along with three donkeys and one horse. Although it is not obvious, the title mentions that ‘al Ṣafā’, one of the two hills or mounds at Mecca between which pilgrims run during the hadj or umra in commemoration of Hagar’s search for water to feed her son. The proximity of al Ṣafā to the guardhouse indicates that this scene was close to the Masjid al-Haram.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

VI

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Die von Othman Pascha erbaute Hauptwache (links im Hintergrund èç اafa).’

Extent and format
1 print of a drawing
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

166 x 236 mm

Format:

1 print of a drawing

Condition:

The print is in good condition.

Foliation:

‘VI’

Written in
German in Latin script

"Aun al-Rafīq Pasha" شريف مكة من 1882 إلى 1905م

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This three-quarter length standing portrait, shows ‘Aun al-Rafīq Pasha who was the Grand Sharīf of Mecca 1882–1905. He faces right.

He wears a turban and ceremonial robe embroidered richly with flower and foliage motifs as well as a sash held together at the waist.

There are six elaborate stelliform and circular badges on the centre and the left of his robe.

The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality. In particular the original background has been substituted while the lower right corner appears to have been etched in the negative.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

VII

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Aun èr-Rafīq, Grossscherif von Mekka (1882– ).’

A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.

Extent and format
1 collotype print
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

235 x 176 mm

Format:

1 collotype print

Condition:

The print is in good condition though several long scratches extending from the lower right edge to the upper centre are evident.

Foliation:

‘VII’

Written in
German in Latin script

عثمان باشا؛ الحاكم العام للحجاز لفترة ما بين 1882 إلى 1886م

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This full-length length standing portrait, shows Othman Pascha, Governor General of the Hejaz (1882–86).

Othman Pascha faces left, standing upon a richly patterned carpet. He wears a dark-coloured fez and ceremonial robes, featuring a mirrored paisley ( boteh ) pattern at the lower hem and each sleeve, as well as a sash. His left hand grips the pommel of a sword which is held against his body by a sword strap of plaited material.

Three circular badges are suspended from a bar on the left of his robe. Below these a more elaborate stelliform badge is also worn.

The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely.

Temporal Context:

The photograph was taken between 11 June 1885 and 19 September 1885, according to Durkje van der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885 , Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 27. This attribution is based on unpublished correspondence in the Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Archive, University of Leiden Library.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

VIII

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Othman Pascha, Generalgouverneur des H̱idjāz (1882–86).’

A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.

Extent and format
1 collotype print
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

248 x 184 mm

Format:

1 collotype print

Condition:

The print is in good condition with some minor surface scratching and bowing.

Foliation:

‘VIII’

Written in
German in Latin script

صورة رجل من بني شيبة؛ مكلف بسدانة الكعبة

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This full-length length standing portrait shows a member of the Banī Shaybah, a gatekeeper of the Caaba.

The title notes that descendents of the Shaybah family have held this office since pre-Islamic times.

The man stands facing forward and wears a pale-coloured turban and dark outer robe over a quilted or embroidered robe.

The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely and patterns in the carpet as well as the man’s pale robe have been re-inscribed in the negative.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

IX

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Thorhüter der Ka’bah (aus der Schēbah-Familie, die seit vorislamischer Zeit dies Amt innehat).’

A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.

Extent and format
1 collotype print
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

246 x 183 mm

Format:

1 collotype print

Condition:

The print is in good condition.

Foliation:

‘IX’

Written in
German in Latin script

صورة جمعت تاجر هندي و ثلاثة أتراك وطفل

Content
Genre/Subject Matter:

This group portrait shows an Indian merchant and three Turkish officials as well as a young boy. The title notes that the Indian merchant is ‘distinguished’ or ‘noble’.

While two of the men – seated at left and standing at left – each wear a janbiya at their waist under their outer robes, the man seated second from right holds a sword in its scabbard.

The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, aside from elements of the rug on which they are standing and seated.

Inscriptions:

Printed above image, in ink:

X

Printed beneath image, in ink:

‘Vornehmer indischer Kaufmann und türkische Beamte in Mekka.’

A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.

Extent and format
1 collotype print
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:

183 x 247 mm

Format:

1 collotype print

Condition:

The print is in good condition.

Foliation:

‘X’

Written in
German in Latin script